Thermoluminescence (TL) measures the last significant heating event of a ceramic, whether its original firing or a subsequent ritual use.
Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) determines the last exposure to daylight of mineral grains, particularly useful for objects recovered from archaeological contexts.
These methods are especially effective for African terracotta traditions (Nok, Ife, Djenné-Djenno, Akan) and Oceanic ceramics.